"It is concluded that whilst the 1 % target [of African countries' GDP expenditure on R&D] is ambitious, it is ... achievable in the longer-term ... It is important that R&D activities are fully integrated within plans for national social and economic development ... Governments need to develop and implement policies that create a conducive environment for R&D activity ... Investing in education systems is one of the most important prerequisites to improve economic development in Africa." (Quoted from paper)