"This paper critically assesses the discourse of cultural policy initiatives of the European Union during the 1990s. It focuses upon the formulation of so-called ‘cultural action’ following the recognition of culture in the Treaty on European Union in 1992. It explores the multiple instrumentalities ascribed to culture as a medium for the management of European integration, and suggests that the evolution of policies to promote cultural co-operation are indicative of a progressive ‘governmentalisation’ of culture at the EU-level." (Quoted from paper)