"The ECJ's GATT direct effect doctrine has been criticized on many grounds. In fact, Kuilwijk claims that it is "one of its [the ECJ's] most seriously criticized doctrines ever."[11] Kuilwijk's book provides one of the most sophisticated critiques to date. In the mode of the Court's other critics, Kuilwijk first argues that the GATT is not significantly different in nature and structure from the other international agreements to which the ECJ has granted direct effect. Thus, he concludes that it is inconsistent to deny direct effect to the GATT. " (Quoted from article)