"... this paper...{tries}... to answer{...} questions in two ways. First, through a retrospective of the Manchester conferences ñ what they taught us, what influence they had, and how NGOs have changed. And second, by picking out a couple of especially important challenges in development terms and assessing whether NGOs ëstood up to be countedí, so to speak, and did their best in addressing them." (Quoted from paper)