...in the European Union. "Scholars have argued that the dynamics of immigration control have changed ... Because of the constraints imposed by international agreements, international institutons, and national judicial authorities, controls would be embedded in international institutions and law that were assumed to be inclined to be less restrictive than national institutions and law. Looking at these patterns over the past 20 years, it now appears that international constraints on immigration control could have been highly exaggerated." (Quoted from paper)